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Ingredient & advertising guide

This page has two jobs. First, it explains everything printed on the panel of the sachet we sell: the five named lines and the seventeen ingredients that carry them, what each one is, and what the research does and does not say about it, including who was in each study, at what amount and who paid for it. Second, and this is the part most advertising pages leave out, it lists the headlines we run, tells you which ones are exaggerated, and separates the small number of things that are genuinely supported by evidence from the many that are not.

1. Our headlines, and what is actually true

These are the headlines we have run, grouped by the claim they make. The right-hand column is our own plain assessment. We have marked each family of headlines as Exaggerated, Partly true, Withdrawn, Our headline was wrong or Broadly supported.

The headline as you saw it	What is actually behind it
A Morning Packet's Five Plants, Checked Against the Ages in Their Trials	Broadly supported The packet and the five plants are accurate: one packet is five milliliters of almond-and-coconut paste and the panel prints five named lines with a weight beside each. The ages come from the study summaries. Kanna was tested at the packet's own 25 milligrams in 21 healthy adults averaging just under fifty-five, for three weeks. [1] Bacopa was tested at 300 milligrams a day, six times the packet's amount, for twelve weeks in adults over 55 and over 65. [2] [3] Rhodiola's best-known trial was run in young clinicians on night duty for two weeks. [4] Huperzine A was given once, at two and four times the packet's amount, in groups of twelve whose ages the summary does not give. [5] Choline was studied through ordinary diets in adults aged 36 to 83. [6] What the headline does not claim matters as much. Checking ages tells you how close each study sits to the reader; it does not tell you that the packet works, and no study has tested these five ingredients together or tested the packet itself.
"Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Spell These 3 Words. Test Now""Top Doctors Say Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Pronounce These 3 Phrases. Can You?""Memory Decline Begins When Seniors Say These 3 Phrases (See The List)""Declining Memory Begins When Seniors Say These 7 Phrases. See Which Ones"	Exaggerated There is no set of three words, three phrases or seven phrases whose spelling or pronunciation marks the beginning of anything. Nothing "begins" at a word. Word tasks do appear inside the short memory checks clinicians use, but those checks are given in person and read alongside your history, what you take daily and your age. Failing a word online means nothing on its own: plenty of people stumble over a word when they are tired, nervous or being timed. "Top doctors" refers to no specific person. See section 4.
"Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Drinking These 3 Beverages""Japan's Greatest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Drinking These 3 Beverages""Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Stop Eating These 3 Foods"	Exaggerated No group of Japanese doctors issued this statement. There is no such panel, no such list, and no source we can point you to. Japan appears in the headline because it is widely associated with long life, which makes the claim feel credible. That is a marketing decision, not a citation. The second half is also wrong. Memory changes with age for everyone, and no diet removes that. What is true is narrower: certain long-term drinking and eating patterns travel with faster slippage on thinking tests in large population studies. [7] [8] Association is not proof of cause, and "just avoid these three" is not how any of it works.
"Nobel Prize's Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Stop Eating These 3 Foods"	Withdrawn We retract this one outright. No Nobel laureate has endorsed this page, this product, or any list of three foods on our behalf. Attaching the Nobel Prize to an advertisement implies an authority that does not exist and we should not have run it.
"The Overlooked Boxed Cereal Now Tied to 8 Out of 10 Memory Cases"	Our headline was wrong There is no such statistic. No study ties any cereal to eight out of ten cases of anything, "memory cases" is not a category any researcher uses, and no cereal has been "overlooked" by anyone: the sugar figure is printed on the side of every box. The number was invented for the headline and we withdraw it. The grain of truth is the one below: a diet heavy in ultra-processed food, the sweet cereal shelf included, travels in a large Brazilian study with somewhat faster slippage on thinking tests over eight years. [8] That is a modest association across thousands of people, not eight in ten of anyone. See section 3.
"Brain Experts Now Say These 3 Cereals Age the Brain Faster Than Time""Scientists Now Say This 1 Cereal Ages the Brain Faster Than Time"	Exaggerated No food ages the brain "faster than time." That phrase was written for effect and it is not a finding from any study. It is also internally inconsistent: in one version it is three cereals, in another it is one, because the number is something we test for click-through, not something anyone measured. The grain of truth: diets high in ultra-processed food are associated with somewhat faster slippage on thinking tests over years. [8] See section 3.
"Doctors Now Say This Popular Evening Drink Is Behind Memory Loss"	Partly true The "evening drink" is alcohol, and of everything our ads point at, this is where the evidence is strongest. In British civil servants followed for thirty years, higher drinking went with shrinkage of the hippocampus, the region most involved in forming memories, and with faster decline in word fluency; light drinkers had no edge over non-drinkers. [7] What is overstated is the word "behind." Alcohol is one contributing factor among many, not the cause of memory slips. It is also worth saying plainly: the sachet we sell contains no alcohol and no caffeine.
"Doctors Name 5 Popular Drinks Now Tied To Memory Decline. Coffee Tops The List""Seniors: These 4 Drinks May Be Aging Your Brain Faster""Neurologists Say Cognitive Decline Isn't Age: Just Stop Drinking These 2 Popular Drinks"	Exaggerated Notice that the count changes: two drinks, three, four, five. It changes because it is an advertising variable we rotate, not a number that came out of a study. No neurologist is named in any version, because none was consulted. "Coffee tops the list" is the clearest thing we have got wrong: none of the studies on this page is about plain coffee. The Food and Drug Administration cites 400 milligrams of caffeine a day, two to three 12-ounce cups of brewed coffee, as an amount not generally associated with negative effects in most healthy adults. [9] This matters here for a second reason: the label of the product we sell suggests stirring the sachet into a drink, and for most buyers that drink is coffee. See section 2.
"Memory Slipping? Check These 4 Everyday Drinks First"	Partly true Half right, in the wrong order. If your memory is slipping, the first thing to check is not a drink; it is a conversation with your own clinician about your nights, your hearing and what you take daily. The four drinks are the everyday ones in section 2. Not enough plain water belongs on the list too, and of everything in our advertising that is the item with the least glamour and the most support. [10] [11]
"Still Sharp at 90? Seniors Are Rethinking These 3 Everyday Foods"	Partly true The gentlest of our headlines, and still an overstatement. Nobody knows what keeps a particular person sharp at 90, and no single food does it. The three everyday foods are sugary breakfast cereals, processed meats and packaged baked goods, all in section 3. Eating less of them is part of the long, slow habits in section 5, and no food is a promise at any age.
"A teaspoon of paste, five plants, and the one number that matches its study"	Partly true The teaspoon and the five plants are accurate: one sachet is five milliliters of paste and the panel prints five named lines. The last clause is true of exactly one line and we should say which. The kanna extract is printed at 25 milligrams, the same daily amount used in a three-week crossover study of 21 healthy adults averaging about 54, where two measures of a computerized battery came out better than placebo. [1] Twenty-one people for three weeks is a first study, not a record, and authors connected to the extract's maker were among them. The other four lines sit below their studies: bacopa at 50 milligrams against the 300 used for twelve weeks in adults over 55, [2] [3] rhodiola at 100 milligrams whose best trial ran in young physicians on night duty, [4] and huperzine A at 50 micrograms against single doses of 100 and 200 given to healthy adults. [5] See section 6.
"Neurologists Name 5 Popular Prescriptions Now Tied to Memory Decline"	Partly true, and the one not to act on alone No neurologist named a list for us, and we will not print one. What is true is that pharmacists keep lists of everyday products, some sold over the counter, that are often a poor fit after 65, and that a yearly look at everything you take is worth having. But an advertisement is the worst possible reason to change anything a clinician gave you: never stop or change it because of something you read in an ad, including ours. Put everything you take in one bag, this carton included, and ask your pharmacist. See the box at the end of section 2.

2. Every drink our ads point at

Our headlines have referred, in different versions, to "3 beverages", "4 drinks", "5 popular drinks", "2 popular drinks" and "this popular evening drink" without ever naming them. Here is the complete list of what we were pointing at, and what the research actually supports for each one. Where a study is cited, it is observational unless stated otherwise: it can show that two things travel together in a population, not that one causes the other.

3. Every food our ads point at

The food headlines referred to "3 foods" and to "cereals": one cereal in some versions, three in others. Again, the number was ours, not a finding. Here is what was meant, and what stands behind it.

4. The "3 words" and "7 phrases" tests

Several of our headlines invite you to test yourself on words or phrases: spell these three words, pronounce these three phrases, see whether you say these seven phrases. There is no such validated test, and we cannot give you a real one, because a real one does not work that way.

What an actual memory check looks like. Clinicians use short structured checks. They do include word tasks: recalling three unrelated words after a delay, naming animals, repeating a sentence. But three things make them different from an online quiz:

• They are given in person, in a standard way, by someone trained to do it.
• The score is read against your age and education, not against a fixed pass mark.
• A low score is a reason for a longer conversation with your clinician, never a verdict by itself.

These checks also produce false alarms. A bad night, trouble hearing, and simply being nervous all lower scores in people whose memory is fine. This is precisely why an online word quiz is meaningless: it has none of the context that makes the real check useful.

5. Everyday habits worth more than any sachet

If we only had one section to be useful in, this would be it. None of these is a supplement, a sachet, or a list of three foods, and none of them can be sold to you by us.

• Drink enough plain water, through the day rather than all at once. ^{[10] [11]}
• Sleep enough, at regular hours, and keep caffeine to the morning.
• Get your hearing and your eyesight checked, and use hearing aids or glasses if you need them: straining to hear or see looks a great deal like not remembering.
• Walk, most days. Regular walking counts.
• Drink less alcohol. ^[7]
• Eat more like the MIND pattern and less from the ultra-processed shelf. ^{[13] [8]}
• Stay in touch with people. Conversation is exercise for memory.
• Keep learning something: a language, an instrument, a route you have never driven.
• Once a year, take everything you take to the pharmacist.
• Ask your clinician for a B12 level if nobody has checked it in a few years; the stomach absorbs less of it with age. ^[14]

These are unglamorous. They cannot be delivered in a headline, they take years, and they are, by a wide margin, the most useful things on this entire page.

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6. Ingredient guide: what is actually in the sachet we sell

What each ingredient printed on the panel of Cymbiotika Liposomal Brain Complex is, what it is traditionally used for, and what the cited research says, including who was in each study, at what amount and who paid for it. One five-milliliter sachet is a serving. Three notes on the panel itself. The five named lines add up to about 235 milligrams, and everything else in the spoonful, by weight, is the glycerin, water, almond butter, coconut nectar, cassava syrup, pectin, spices and salt listed as other ingredients. The word "liposomal" appears on the front of the carton; we could not find a published absorption figure for this product on the seller's page, so we treat it as a description of the form and not as a number. And the panel states in bold that the sachet contains almond and coconut. Where a study summary gives the ages of the people tested, the article sets them beside each line, because a study in people of your own age tells you more than one in people half your age.

Rhodiola rosea root extract

A plant known as arctic root, golden root or rose root that grows in cold regions and at high altitude in Europe, Asia and North America. The root is the part used.

Traditional and everyday use. A long history of use in Russia, Scandinavia and other parts of Europe for fatigue and work performance.

What the research says. In a double-blind crossover study of 56 healthy young physicians on night duty, one tablet a day of a standardized extract was associated with better scores on tests of mental fatigue during the first two weeks.^[4] The National Institutes of Health states there is not enough reliable evidence to say whether rhodiola is useful for any health-related purpose.

Amount per serving in Liposomal Brain Complex. 100 mg

Good to know. Possibly safe for up to 12 weeks; side effects reported include dizziness, headache, trouble sleeping and dry mouth. Little is known about safety in pregnancy or breastfeeding. Talk to your doctor before use if you take anything daily.

Phosphatidylcholine (from sunflower lecithin)

The main fat-and-choline molecule of cell membranes and of lecithin, the emulsifier in egg yolk, soybeans and sunflower seeds. In a supplement it is a modest source of choline: only about 13 % of its weight is choline itself.

Traditional and everyday use. Lecithin has been used in cooking and food-making for a century as an emulsifier.

What the research says. In a community cohort of 1,391 adults aged 36 to 83, higher dietary choline intake was associated with better verbal and visual memory scores.^[6] That is an association across a population's diet, not a trial of a supplement, and the 60 mg in a packet is a few percent of a day's choline intake.

Amount per serving in Liposomal Brain Complex. 60 mg (a minor source of choline, a few percent of a day's intake)

Good to know. A food component; well tolerated. Sunflower-derived, so soy-free.

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri, water hyssop), whole plant

A creeping perennial of wet ground and pond edges across India, with small oblong leaves and white to pale purple flowers. In some parts of India the name "brahmi" is also given to gotu kola, which is a different plant; some products list both.

Traditional and everyday use. One of the best-known plants of Ayurvedic practice, traditionally associated with memory, calm and sleep.

What the research says. This is the one ingredient on the tin with trials in the right age group. In 54 healthy adults aged 65 and older, 300 mg a day of a standardized extract for 12 weeks was associated with better delayed word recall and better performance on a task of ignoring distractions than placebo, with no effect on divided attention or working memory.^[2] In 98 healthy adults over 55, the same daily amount for 12 weeks was associated with better verbal learning and delayed recall, while other measures did not differ.^[3] A meta-analysis of nine such trials found faster performance on two attention-speed tests, by milliseconds, and called for a large well-designed trial.^[15] All of that used standardized extracts in tablets for at least three months. A pinch of dried plant steeped in a twelve-ingredient tea blend, or a fraction of a milligram of glycosides in a spray, is not the same thing, and nobody has tested either.

Amount per serving in Liposomal Brain Complex. 50 mg (a sixth of the 300 mg a day used in the trials in adults over 55)

Good to know. The trials reported more stomach upset, looser stools, cramps and nausea than placebo.^[3] Reference texts advise caution for anyone who takes anything daily for the body's own hormones, note it may slow the heart rate, and note it can affect how the organ that processes what you swallow handles some medicines. Talk to your doctor before use if you take anything daily.

Kanna (Sceletium tortuosum), aerial parts extract

A small succulent plant from the dry western parts of South Africa. Its dried leaves and stems have been chewed, smoked or brewed by the Khoi and San peoples for centuries. The standardized extract sold to supplement makers under the Zembrin® name is a mild mood-active plant: it acts on the same brain chemistry some medicines act on, which is why the label tells you to ask your doctor before combining it with anything you take.

Traditional and everyday use. Chewed by herders and hunters in southern Africa against thirst, hunger and fatigue on long journeys, and used socially.

What the research says. In a three-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of 21 healthy adults with an average age of about 55, 25 mg a day of the Zembrin® extract was associated with better scores on two measures of a computerized test battery, cognitive flexibility and executive function, compared with placebo.^[1] Twenty-one people, three weeks, two of many scores: a first study, not a track record.

Amount per serving in Liposomal Brain Complex. 25 mg (the dose of the three-week crossover study in 21 healthy adults of about 55)

Good to know. Mild and generally well tolerated in the study, but it acts on brain chemistry: do not combine it with any daily medicine, especially anything for mood, without asking your doctor or pharmacist. Not for pregnancy.

Huperzine A (from the club moss Huperzia serrata; the label prints "Club serrata")

A purified alkaloid isolated from a Chinese club moss. It slows the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, so it acts on the nervous system in a way most botanical ingredients do not, and it is the one ingredient on this label that behaves more like a medicine than like a food.

Traditional and everyday use. The moss has a history of use in Chinese herbal practice; the purified compound is a twentieth-century isolate.

What the research says. In a placebo-controlled study of healthy adults (12 per group), single doses of 100 or 200 µg of huperzine A slowed the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, measured in the blood; the 200 µg dose held declarative recall steady across sessions, but neither dose improved overall performance.^[5] Most other research on huperzine A has been done in people with a diagnosed condition and is not cited here.

Amount per serving in Liposomal Brain Complex. 50 mcg (a quarter of the 200 mcg single dose that inhibited the enzyme in healthy adults without improving overall performance)

Good to know. Because it acts on acetylcholine it can cause nausea, sweating, a slow heartbeat or muscle twitching, and it can add to the effect of anything else that acts on the same system. Not for pregnancy or breastfeeding. Talk to your doctor before use if you take anything for your heart, your breathing or your nervous system.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This information does not constitute medical advice and it should not be relied upon as such. This product is not a substitute for medication or other treatment prescribed by a physician or health care provider. Consult your doctor before starting any dietary supplement.

7. What we can and cannot promise

Set against the headlines that brought you here, this is the complete and honest position.

Things we cannot promise, and that nobody selling you a supplement can:

• That this sachet will improve your memory, your attention or your concentration.
• That it will stop memory from changing with age.
• That it offsets alcohol, sugar, processed food, or any drink or food named on this page.
• That it can replace anything a clinician gave you, or make a yearly look at everything you take unnecessary.
• That any doctor in Japan, any Nobel laureate, any neurologist or any "brain expert" recommends it. None has.
• That a word or phrase quiz can tell you anything about your brain.
• That the kanna result settles anything. It is one three-week crossover study in 21 healthy adults averaging about 54, reporting two measures of a computerized battery, with people connected to the extract's maker among the authors. ^[1]
• That the bacopa in this sachet reaches the amount used in its trials. Those trials used 300 milligrams a day of a standardized extract for twelve weeks in adults over 55; ^{[2] [3] [15]} the panel prints 50 milligrams, a sixth of it.
• That the rhodiola does anything for a man of 65 in his own kitchen. Its most-cited trial was run in 56 young physicians on night duty over two weeks, ^[4] and the national health agency that reviews this material states there is not enough reliable evidence to say whether rhodiola is useful for any health-related purpose.
• That the huperzine A does anything at 50 micrograms. The published single doses in healthy adults were 100 and 200 micrograms, twelve people to a group, and neither improved overall performance. ^[5]
• That the 60 milligrams of phosphatidylcholine is a meaningful choline source. About 13 % of its weight is choline, which is roughly eight milligrams, a few percent of a day's intake, and the evidence behind choline is dietary and observational. ^[6]
• That the word "liposomal" on the front of the carton means more of anything reaches you. We could find no absorption figure for this product to cite.

Things we can say honestly:

• It is a carton of five-milliliter foil sachets made and sold by Cymbiotika, LLC, a company that publishes a street address at 5825 Oberlin Dr., Ste. 5, San Diego, CA 92121, a telephone number, (855) 983-8888, answered weekdays 8am-5pm Pacific, and an email address, info@cymbiotika.com.
• Every named ingredient carries a printed weight on the panel: rhodiola 100 mg, phosphatidylcholine 60 mg, bacopa 50 mg, kanna 25 mg, huperzine A 50 mcg. Nothing is buried inside an undisclosed blend, which is more than many panels in this category can say.
• The other seventeen ingredients are glycerin, water, organic almond butter, organic evaporated coconut nectar, organic cassava syrup, organic cocoa extract, sea salt, organic vanilla powder, organic vanilla extract, pectin, d-alpha-tocopherol, sodium alginate, calcium lactate, organic cinnamon powder, organic ginger root extract, organic clove powder and organic cardamom powder.
• A sachet carries 20 calories, under a gram of added sugar and 35 milligrams of sodium. It contains almond and coconut. The label states the product is vegan, made in the United States, and with no gluten and no soy.
• The label's direction is one sachet daily, squeezed into the mouth or stirred into a drink, and the seller suggests the morning.
• The seller's price on its own site was $62.00 for one carton and $55.80 on subscription when we last read it. The subscription is announced as "30% off"; $55.80 is 10 % below $62.00. Read both numbers at the checkout before you click.
• The seller promises a refund within 60 days of purchase on your first Cymbiotika product, with no need to return it, once per customer and per household (so a household where someone has already bought from the company should ask before ordering), on purchases made directly on its own site, and not on orders sent outside the United States.
• Shipping costs nothing on the seller's site. It ships within the United States and to many countries outside it, with a short published list of exceptions.
• The seller's page carried 1,563 reviews averaging 4.9 stars when we read them. Six are quoted word for word in the article, including one at three stars and one at a single star, and the small pictures beside those quotes are illustrations, not the reviewers. Individual experiences are not evidence.
• We earn a commission if you buy. That is our interest in this, stated plainly.
• Nothing here is medical advice, and none of it replaces your own clinician.

8. Questions people ask us

Did a Japanese doctor, a Nobel laureate or a neurologist really say this?

No. Those attributions are advertising language. No named or identifiable expert made those statements, and none has endorsed this product.

So is coffee bad for my memory or not?

None of the studies on this page is about plain coffee, and our "Coffee Tops The List" headline overstated it. What is worth watching is added sugar in coffee drinks, and caffeine late enough in the day to cost you a night. ^{[9] [12]}

Should I stop something because of your "5 prescriptions" headline?

No. Not on your own, and not because of an advertisement. Take everything you take to your pharmacist and ask whether anything is a poor fit for your age.

Which line on the panel has the best support?

Two answers, and they are different questions. The best evidence in people our age belongs to bacopa, from twelve-week trials at 300 milligrams a day in adults over 55, ^{[2] [3]} and the panel prints 50. The only line printed at the amount of its own study is the kanna at 25 milligrams, from a three-week crossover in 21 healthy adults. ^[1]

Is anything in this sachet a problem with what I take?

Possibly two things. Kanna acts on brain chemistry and its own material says to ask before combining it with a daily medicine, and huperzine A slows an enzyme in the nervous system and adds to anything else acting there. ^[5] Take the carton to your pharmacist before the first sachet.

Can I take it if I avoid tree nuts?

No. The panel states in bold that it contains almond and coconut.

How sweet is it, really?

Sweet enough that the single most critical review on the seller's page is about the sweetness and nothing else. The panel prints 20 calories and under a gram of added sugar. Stirring it into unsweetened coffee is what buyers who dislike it tend to do.

What exactly does the 60-day promise cover?

Your first Cymbiotika product, bought on the company's own site, once per customer and per household, with no need to send it back. It does not cover a second carton, and it does not cover orders sent outside the United States. If someone in your house has already bought anything from Cymbiotika, the carton may not be the household's first product. Call the company at (855) 983-8888 before ordering and ask.

If your own headlines are exaggerated, why should I believe this page?

A fair question. Do not take our word for it. The references below are real, published sources you can look up yourself, and nothing in sections 4 and 5 requires you to buy anything or trust us. If this page and our headlines disagree, believe this page.

Does this page cost anything?

No. There is nothing to sign up for, and you are welcome to read it, close the tab and never come back.

Can I check these claims myself?

Yes, and you should. Every numbered reference below can be found by searching its authors and journal. For general information, the National Institute on Aging (nia.nih.gov) publishes plain-language material and sells nothing.

References

These are the sources behind the claims marked with a number above. Several are observational studies, which can show association but not cause. The bacopa trials used a standardized extract at six times the amount on this panel; the kanna study is one crossover in 21 people with the extract maker's people among its authors; the rhodiola trial was run in young physicians on night duty; the huperzine A study used single doses at two and four times this panel's amount in twelve people per group; the fact sheets are the governments' own. None of them tested this sachet. We have deliberately not cited anything for the claims we describe as exaggerated, because there is nothing to cite.

1. Chiu S. et al. (2014). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014:682014 doi.org
2. Calabrese C. et al. (2008). Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14(6):707-713 doi.org
3. Morgan A., Stevens J. (2010). Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16(7):753-759 doi.org
4. Darbinyan V. et al. (2000). Phytomedicine 7(5):365-371 doi.org
5. Morasch K.C. et al. (2015). Physiology & Behavior 138:165-172 doi.org
6. Poly C. et al. (2011). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94(6):1584-1591 doi.org
7. Topiwala A. et al. (2017). BMJ 357:j2353 doi.org
8. Gonçalves N.G. et al. (2023). JAMA Neurology 80(2):142-150 doi.org
9. US FDA Consumer Update. "Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine Is Too Much?" (updated 2024-08-28) fda.gov
10. Mantantzis K. et al. (2020). Psychology and Aging 35(4):517-528 doi.org
11. Edmonds C.J. et al. (2021). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 95:104380 doi.org
12. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2015). Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA Journal 13(5):4102 doi.org
13. Barnes L.L. et al. (2023). New England Journal of Medicine 389(7):602-611 doi.org
14. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. "Vitamin B12: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" (updated July 2, 2025) ods.od.nih.gov
15. Kongkeaw C. et al. (2014). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151(1):528-535 doi.org

Citing a study does not mean the study is about this product. The studies above tested one ingredient at a time, in other people, at amounts this sachet matches only once, not the sachet itself; none of the research tested Cymbiotika Liposomal Brain Complex, and none of it supports it.

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